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Water is life ! It is a precondition for human, animal and plant life as well as an indispensable resource for the economy. Water also plays a fundamental role in the climate regulation cycle.
The Pacific Ocean covers half the globe - an area big enough to fit all the continents. In fact, 75% of the world is covered by water, so although we call our planet 'Earth', perhaps we should really have named it 'Water'! Most of the water on Earth is salty. Only about 3% is fresh water and some of this is frozen in glaciers and icebergs. Water is essential for the survival of living creatures, but there is a relatively small amount to be shared around - and that makes it very precious. We need to get better at looking after this valuable resource.
What do you know about water conservation and water pollution? Read about Water and test your knowledge here!
Awareness on water conservation
Water is a precious resource in our environment. Growing populations and ongoing droughts are squeezing our water resources dry, causing natural habitat degradation and impacting our everyday use of water. |
Why save water?
Of all the water in the world, only 3% is fresh. Less than one third of 1% of this fresh water is available for human use. The rest is frozen in glaciers or polar ice caps, or is deep within the earth, beyond our reach.
To put it another way, if 100 litres represents the world's water, about half a tablespoon of it is fresh water available for our use. |
- The global water situation
remember that our local water supplies are part of a bigger global water cycle
Fresh water is essential to our existence - it allows us to produce food, manufacture goods and sustain our health. It is also an essential part of the natural environment which supports all human, plant and animal life.
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Global water consumption has risen almost tenfold since 1900, in many parts of the world, and they are now reaching the limits of their supply. World population is expected to increase by 45% in the next thirty years, whilst freshwater runoff is expected to increase by 10%. UNESCO has predicted that by 2020 water shortage will be a serious worldwide problem.
One third of the world's population is already facing problems due to both water shortage and poor drinking water quality. Effects include massive outbreaks of disease, malnourishment and crop failure. In addition, excessive use of water has seen the degradation of the environment costing the world billions of dollars. |
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- Embodied water
What is embodied water?
When thinking about how much water you use you probably think about how much water you use from the taps or tanks around the house and garden, and perhaps even the amount you use at work. But have you ever thought about the amount of water used to produce some of those items you take for granted in your life - food, clothing, furniture, building materials, etc.?
There is often a high amount of 'embodied water' associated with many items we use or consume on an everyday basis. This is the amount of water used during the growing, processing and transportation of the goods we use or consume, or the services we use.
As an example, here are some statistics showing the amount of water used to produce some everyday items.
It takes...
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- 140L of fresh water to produce 1 cup of coffee
- 1,000L of fresh water to produce 1L of milk
- 1,350L of fresh water to produce 1kg of wheat
- 3,000L of fresh water to produce 1kg of rice, and
- 16,000L of fresh water to produce 1kg of beef
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- The impacts of consumption
There are many hidden effects of excessive water consumption, including:
Building more dams. This has severe environmental effects such as destruction of wilderness, creation of greenhouse gases from rotting vegetation, altered stream flows and degraded ecological health. It's also very costly!
Maintaining other infrastructure for water supply and use. This includes costly upgrades and maintenance of pipes, sewers and treatment facilities.
Erosion, salinity and desertification. Water consumption for agriculture alters the natural water cycle in many areas of Australia. This degrades production areas and intensifies other environmental problems such as land clearing and desertification.
Degradation of water bodies. Many of our rivers, wetlands and bays are degraded. This is partly due to the high levels of water extracted, as well as polluted surface runoff and storm water flushed into them.
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- It's time to take action
let's not play the blame game, each of us needs to take responsibility and take action at home, at work and at play!
As populations increase across the rest of the world, demand for water will also increase. If we don’t reduce each individual’s demand for water (both directly and through embodied water) the water situation will become dire
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Concepts and Techniques on water conservation
Rain Water Harvesting
The rainwater that falls on the rooftops can be harvested for groundwater recharge using appropriate techniques. This method may be applied for the roofs of existing houses/buildings as well as those to be constructed in future.
It is estimated that a total of 2 MCM of water can be utilized for groundwater recharge at a cost of Rs.18.92 crores. |
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Lakes and Depressions
Lakes have often been misused for dumping of solid waste and sewage disposal. Water quality can be improved by replicating the principles of wetlands by the introduction of aquatic plants and fish in a systematic manner. Unique phenomenon of algae, bacteria symbiosis reduces the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand). The fish population acts as an ecological manipulator by grazing on the algal population.
The storage capacity can be increased by desilting and widening. By desilting and deepening the lakes with the assistance of draglines machines, the lakes would need to be linked up with storm water runoff in the vicinity to augment the inflow.
This measure improves the quantity of groundwater recharge as well as the quality of available groundwater. |
Floodplain Reservoirs
In this method we creates a recharge basin and reservoirs on the flood plains by scooping out earth from the flood plains at appropriate locations and letting these reservoirs to be filled up by the expanded monsoon season flow of the river.
The Yamuna flood plain comprising of 97 sq.km. of area in Delhi offers a good scope for development of groundwater resources subsequent to the storage of monsoon waters on the flood plain itself. Out of 580 MCM of monsoon season flow allocated to Delhi about 280 MCM goes unutilized due to lack of storages. |
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Quarry Reservoirs
Abandoned quarries are available in the vicinity of urban areas. With some modification of their catchment area and/or linkage with some nearby channels these can be used to store water, which would otherwise run-off. Depth and width of these quarries can be increased where the volume of runoff waters can be calculated to be in excess of present storage capacity.
Historical Water Bodies
Many ancient reservoirs have been disused due to change of catchment characteristics or due to destruction of feeding channel. These baolis/reservoirs can be reused as small recharge points. Major gains can be made only from the large reservoirs. |
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Paleo-Channels
These are abandoned course of rivers or streams and can be served as excellent ground water storage and recharge locations. Division of some of the monsoon flows into these channels greatly replenishes the declining water table for subsequent use.
Check Dams
In the regional topography several small or large check dams are possible and may be created not so much for surface withdrawal but for recharging the falling ground water table. There are number of micro watersheds present in Delhi e.g. in the Ridge which provide excellent topographical formation to conserve monsoon runoff through simple recharge structures. |
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Village Ponds
The original purpose of village ponds was to give sustainability to adjacent wells and for cattle drinking, bathing, etc. As village are absorbed into urban areas with increasing reliance on tube wells, the ponds are becoming cesspools. These ponds can function as storage reservoirs and recharge areas subsequent to desiltation and improvement of their water quality. Following recommendations are given:
- No sewage should be diverted to ponds in order to maintain their water quality.
- No garbage dumping should be permitted.
- Technique of in-situ improvement of water quality using aquatic plants and fishes can be introduced where necessary in order to avoid mosquito breeding.
- Grass plantation should be carried out along the perimeter of ponds in the immediate sloping catchment.
- Existing ponds are to be widened to the extent possible and deepened by 1.0m and nearby storm water drainage is to be used to fill up the additional capacity thus created.
- Pond may be desilt and deepen with the assistance of draglines machines.
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Ecoparks
This involves the creation of artificial wetlands using aquatic plant root zone system to treat sewage waters up to tertiary levels for recycling to the irrigation and horticultural sector and possibly some industrial estates.
The system utilizes the roots of certain type of plants to provide sub-striates for the growth of bacteria, which utilizes the nutrients present in the effluents, and for the transfer of oxygen. The plants commonly employed are duckweed, water hyacinth, pennwort, etc. The plants have to be harvested regularly and about 20 to 25% plants should be removed at each harvest. These plants have a root system of rhizomes, containing thick hollow air passages, from which fine hair roots hang down. |
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This root zone can support a very large population of aerobic microorganisms. Bacteria, dominate the microbial population, which is expected to degrade most of the simpler organic materials i.e. those contributing to BOD. The fungi and actinomycetes, although fewer in number, have a wider range of hydrolytic activities and are expected to degrade many of the large molecules that contribute to the COD.
The waste water encounters alternate aerobic and anaerobic microbial population which convert carbonaceous and to a lesser extent nitrogenous and phosphatic, contaminants in the water to less polluting materials. Further microorganisms can form biofilms around lower stems, which can then trap particles suspended in the wastewater by absorption.
It is expected to achieve an effluent quality of 5-10mg/l of suspended solids. A total of 495 MGD of recycled water can be made available for irrigation, horticulture and industrial needs and for domestic non-drinking supply.
We have no choice but to pay more attention to how we are using water, and how we may be wasting it. We must bridge the gap between our understanding of how important water is to our survival and what we can do to ensure that we have an adequate supply of clean water for years to come. |
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It's time to be water efficient!
It is obvious that we cannot increase demands for water much more without detrimental effects to the environment, society and the economy.
It’s all too easy to blame someone else for the water situation – “if 70% of water is used for agriculture then that’s what we should target” – but it’s not that easy. We all depend on the food and resources that agriculture provides, and while there are definitely opportunities to increase water efficiency on the farm, the solution will take more than that.
We each share responsibility for the sustainable management of our water resources, which means using less water at home, in the workplace, at school, on holidays, on the farm, … everyone, everywhere, every time. |
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It's time to become water efficient! This involves reassessing our relationship with water, and learning to use it more sparingly. On the most basic level, it requires a behavioural change, and assigning a value to water that truly reflects its worth.
We can also unlock economic benefits of being water efficient. There are many real world examples given in the case studies on this site.
Everybody has a responsibility to save water, if future generations are to enjoy a similar standard of living to the one we enjoy now. In fact, many of the impacts associated with water use are likely to have an effect on our own lives! |
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| When the weather gets hot and sticky Cool off with a Chocolate Mint Ice Cream, Orange Mint Tea, Peach Shake. Here are recipes for hot summer days, all served cold. Get out of the kitchen faster with these cool and easy recipes. |
Chocolate Mint Ice Cream
Ingredients: |
- 1 1/4 Cup Heavy Cream
- 1 Cup Milk
- 1/3 Cup Sugar
- 1 Cup Mint Chocolate Chips
- 2 Egg Yolks
- 1/8 Teaspoon Salt
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| Method: |
- Combine 1 1/4 cups heavy cream, the milk, sugar and the mint chocolate chips in a saucepan. Cook over low heat, stirring with a wire whisk, until the chips are melted and mixture is smooth.
- Remove from heat. In a medium bowl, beat the egg yolks and the salt until thick. Gradually add the chocolate mixture.
- Beat until well blended and chill 30 minutes. Pour the chilled chocolate/egg mixture into an electric ice cream freezer; churn until thick.
- Cover and store in freeze until ready to serve.
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Orange Mint Tea
Recipe taken from : http://southernfood.about.com/od/orangerecipes/r/bl40328l.htm
Ingredients: |
- 2 Cups Water
- 2 Tea Bags
- 3 Tablespoons Fresh Mint Leaves
- 2 Tablespoons Sugar
- 4 Cups Orange Juice
- 2 Tablespoons Fresh Lemon Juice
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| Preparation: |
- In a large saucepan, bring water to a boil; remove from heat.
- Add tea bags, mint leaves, and sugar; let stand 10 minutes.
- Remove tea bags.
- Transfer to a large pitcher; stir in orange juice and lemon juice.
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Peach Shake
Serves 2
Recipe taken from : http://southernfood.about.com/od/icecreamdrinkrecipes/r/bl50805f.htm
Ingredients: |
- 1 Cup Sliced Fresh Peaches Or Frozen Thawed Peaches
- 1/4 Cup Pineapple Juice
- 1/4 Cup Sugar
- 2 Cups Vanilla Ice Cream
- 3/4 Cup Milk
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| Preparation: |
- Blend peaches with pineapple juice and sugar until smooth.
- Add ice cream and blend until soft; pour in milk and pulse to mix in.
- Pour shake into chilled glasses.
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| It's that time of year again, and mangoes are the favoured fruit in every home. Presented here are recipes that will leave you smacking your lips. |
Mango Lassi
Recipe taken from : http://specials.rediff.com/getahead/2005/apr/13sd1.htm
Ingredients: |
- 1 Cup Mango Pulp
- 1 Cup Yogurt
- 1 Tbsp Sugar
- 1 Tbsp Crushed Peppercorn
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| Method: |
- Whisk the yogurt to a smooth consistency in a mixing bowl.
- Gradually add in the sugar and the mango pulp into the yogurt.
- Mix till the sugar dissolves completely in the yogurt.
- Chill the lassi in a refrigerator for approximately an hour.
- Pour the mango lassi into a tall glass.
- Garnish with crushed peppercorn and serve chilled!
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Mango Yogurt Ice cream
Recipe taken from : http://specials.rediff.com/getahead/2005/apr/13sd4.htm
Ingredients: |
- 3/4 Cup Mango Pulp
- 1/2 Cup Milk
- 1 Cup Cream
- 5 Tbsp Milk Powder
- 1 Cup Sugar
- 2 Cups Yogurt
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| Method: |
- Combine milk, cream and mango pulp in a saucepan.
- Whisk in the powdered milk and sugar.
- Heat this mixture over low flame till the sugar dissolves.
- Then pour the mixture into a bowl and chill in the refrigerator.
- When the mixture cools down, whisk in the yogurt.
- Blend the mixture with a hand blender until it blends uniformly.
- Pour the blended mixture into an ice cream container and refrigerate for an hour.
- Serve chilled with fresh mango cubes.
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Mango Ice Cream
Recipe taken from : http://recipes.tajonline.com/132/mango-ice-cream.html
This is a great desert which can be made with very little effort. You
can replace the Mango pulp with any other pureed fruit. |
Ingredients :
- 1 can Condensed Milk 3" high and about 2.5" in diameter
- 12 oz. Whipped cream(Cool whip)
- 1 can Mango pulp (Alphonso) 6" high and 3" in diameter
Method:
- Mix all of the pulp, condensed milk and whipped cream in a bowl.
- Put in the freezer for about 8 hours.
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Source :
http://www.bharatheritage.in/articles/article1.htm
Take a driving holiday and you'll realise that it's a fun experience that's different from all your other vacations. Share the driving, stop often, enjoy the beauty around you. Make it a journey of discovery, joy and family bonding, a journey you'll remember for a lifetime.
Handy Tips for Driving Holiday. Twelve handy tips to get your car ready for your driving holiday |
Brakes:
Ensure that the wear on the brake pads/liners is within acceptable limits and check that there is no fluid leakage and the brakes are working perfectly.
Suspension: Load the vehicle and take it for a test drive. Look for any rattles or other harsh sounds especially when the vehicle goes over a bump.
Engine:
Get the engine tuned and the timing belt checked for wear. Also get the ignition and fuel supply system checked out. If necessary, replace spark plugs, contact point, condenser, air filter, fuel filter, oil filter and engine oil. Also check the engine foundations, hose pipes and drive belts. And, please get a PUC (Pollution Under Control) certificate from the relevant authorities. |
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Electrlcals:
Check the battery, terminals and mounting brackets. Check the headlights and all other lights and ensure that all electrical connections are tight and firmly in place. It is advisable to check the windscreen wipers and washer spray systems too.
Transmission:
Check the clutch for wear and slip, and set clutch play. Ensure that the clutch engages and disengages smoothly without any vibration. Shift through all the gears in the box and make sure that changes are smooth.
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Tyres / Wheels:
Ensure that the tyres have got enough tread and life left in them and that they have no uneven wear or cuts and cracks. Check the wheels and balance and align them. Do not forget the spare wheel and also give it the same tender loving care.
Oils & Lubricants:
Change engine oil and filter before a long trip. Check levels and condition of oils in gearbox and differential. Check brake fluid for leaks.
Seat Belts:
Make it a point to use them. |
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Jack & Wheel Spanner:
ln case of a puncture, the jack will become the all important tool. Most people tend to ignore it. Before setting out lubricate the jack and check that it works.
Door, Windows & Locks:
Check if any doors or the bonnet or dicky lid rattle or or pop open if the vehicle hits a bump at speed. Service and align if necessary. All locks need to be checked and the window winders serviced if required.
Service:
Lubricate and grease where necessary and also apply a coat of wax polish to protect the paint. |
Tool Kit & Spares:
Despite the best preparations breakdowns can occur. You should carry a reasonably well equipped tool-kit including a hacksaw, hammer, cold chisel, pliers, plug spanner, a set of ring and open-ended spanners, a socket or box spanner set, a set of screwdrivers, some locking wire, electrical tape, electrical wire, sandpaper, files and sealing compounds like M-seal, and of course a can ofWD40 spray.
Spare parts should include spare tyre tube and valve, wheel nuts, fan belt, a/c belt, power steering belt, condenser and contact point (if applicable), radiator hoses, fuses, spark plugs, I litre engine oil, brake fluid, fuel filter, radiator coolant and some fuel additives especially if your vehicle is fuel injected. Poor quality of fuel and the dusty conditions often result in injectors, fuel filters and air filters getting clogged up, so prepare for this situation. |
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| Water Conservation Tips for Inside and Outside Your Home |
| Source: http://www.redwoodcity.org/publicworks/water/tips%20and%20links.html |
| General : |
- Never pour water down the drain when there may be another use for it such as watering a plant or garden, or for cleaning around your home.
- Verify that your home is leak free. Many homes have hidden water leaks. Read your water meter before and after a two-hour period when no water is being used. If the meter does not read exactly the same, there is a leak.
- Repair dripping faucets. If your faucet is dripping at a rate of one drop per second, you can expect to waste 10220.61 Litres per year. This adds to the cost of water and sewer utilities and adds to your water bill.
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- Retrofit all household faucets by installing aerators with flow restrictors to slow the flow of water.
- Insulate your water pipes. You’ll get hot water faster and avoid wasting water while it heats up.
- If you have a well at home, check your pump periodically. Listen to hear if the pump kicks on and off while water is not being used. If it does, you have a leak.
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| Bathrooms : |
- Inside your house, bathroom facilities claim nearly 75% of the water used.
- Check for toilet tank leaks by adding food coloring to the tank. If the toilet is leaking, color will appear in the toilet bowl within 30 minutes.
- Check the toilet for worn out, corroded or bent parts. Most replacement parts are inexpensive, readily available and easily installed. (Flush as soon as test is done, since food coloring may stain tank.)
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- If the toilet handle frequently sticks in the flush position letting water run constantly, replace or adjust it.
- Install a toilet dam or displacement device such as a bag or bottle to cut down on the amount of water needed for each flush. Be sure installation does not interfere with the operating parts.
- When purchasing new or replacement toilets, consider low-volume units which use less than half the water of older models. In many areas, low-volume units are required by local building codes.
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- Take shorter showers. Replace your showerhead with an ultra-low-flow version. Some units are available that allow you to cut off the flow without adjusting the water temperature knobs.
- Place a bucket in the shower to catch excess water and use this to water plants. The same technique can be used when washing dishes or vegetables in the sink.
- In the shower, turn water on to get wet; turn off to lather up; then turn back on to rinse off. Repeat when washing your hair.
- Don’t let water run while shaving or washing your face. Brush your teeth first while waiting for water to get hot, then wash or shave after filling the basin.
- Avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily. Dispose of tissues, insects and other similar waste in the trash rather than the toilet.
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| Kitchens : |
- Operate automatic dishwashers and clothes washers only when they are fully loaded. Set the water level for the size of load you are using.
- When washing dishes by hand, fill one sink or basin with soapy water. Quickly rinse under a slow-moving stream from the faucet.
- Store drinking water in the refrigerator. Don’t let the tap run while you are waiting for cool water to flow.
- Do not use running water to thaw meat or other frozen foods. Defrost food overnight in the refrigerator or use the defrost setting on your microwave.
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- Kitchen sink disposals require lots of water to operate properly. Start a compost pile as an alternate method of disposing of food waste, instead of using a garbage disposal. Garbage disposals also can add 50 percent to the volume of solids in the sewer system or they can lead to problems with a spetic tank.
- Consider installing an instant water heater on your kitchen sink so you don’t have to let the water run while it heats up. This will reduce water heating costs for your household.
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- When washing the car, use soap and water from a bucket. Use a hose with a shut-off nozzle for the final rinse.
- Use a broom to clean your driveway.
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- Adjust sprinklers so only the lawn is watered and not the house, sidewalk, or street. Check and maintain your sprinkler system regularly.
- Do not water on windy days. A heavy rain means you don’t have to water at all. Teach the family how to turn off an automatic sprinkler system in case a storm comes up during the sprinkling cycle.
- Always water during the coolest time of the day to minimize evaporation. Early morning is best, and the peak water consumption hours (4 p.m. - 9 p.m.) should be avoided.
- Minimize grass areas in your yard because less grass means less water demand. Replace with low-water use landscaping.
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- Adjust your irrigation schedule to accommodate changes in seasonal water demand. Install an automatic timer.
- Buy a rain gauge to determine how much rain or irrigation your yard has received.
- When mowing, raise the blade on your lawn mower to at least three inches high, or to its highest level. Closely-cut grass makes the roots work harder, requiring more water.
- Drought-tolerant plants are more than just cacti! For landscaping, use native or other low water use plants. Check with your local nursery for the best native or low-water use trees, shrubs and plants.
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- Using a layer of mulch around plants reduces evaporation and promotes plant growth. Water retaining basins also allow water to be concentrated around the plants.
- Use the principles of Xeriscape (pronounced ZERE-AH-SCAPE). This landscaping method uses native and drought-tolerant plants, mulch to hold in moisture, and grouping plants according to your water and light needs.
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| General Facts : |
- A human can live more than a month without food but only as much as one week without water.
- The average toilet uses 18.93 Litres to 26.5 Litres of water per flush.
- A shower can use 94.64 Litres to 189.27 Litres (18.93 Litres per minute).
- Just washing your hands can use up to 11.36 Litres of water (with tap running at 11.36 Litres per minute).
- Leaving the water running while you brush your teeth can waste 11.36 Litres of water (at 11.36 Litres per minute).
- Outdoor spigots can pump out 18.93 Litres to 37.85 Litres per minute.
- Automatic dishwashers use about 56.78 Litres per load.
- Washing one load of clothes in an automatic washer uses about 170.34 Litres.
- The average bath takes about 136.27 Litres of water.
- Cutting one minute off your shower time can save about 2649.79 Litres of water per month.
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| Geography : |
- The earth's oceans cover about 140,500,000 square miles and contain almost 330,000,000 cubic miles of water.
- Scientists estimate that there may be enough ground-water in North America to cover the continent with a sheet of water almost 100 feet (30 meters) thick.
- The tallest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls (Venezuela) with a total drop of 3,212 feet (980m).
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- River that carries most water in the world is the Amazon River (South America) which discharges about 4 million cubic feet every second into Atlantic Ocean.
- The longest river in the world is the Nile River (Africa) at 4,145 miles (6,670km).
- The world's shortest river is the Roe River in Montana at 201 feet long.
- The deepest and oldest lake in the world is Lake Baikal (Siberia) at 6,365 ft. (1,940 m) deep and 25 million years old. Lake Baikal holds one-fifth of the earth's available fresh water.
- The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean at 64 million sq. miles (166 million sq. km).
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- The worlds largest (surface area) freshwater lake is Lake Superior (North America) with an area of 32,000 sq. miles (82,103 sq. km).
- Tutunendo, Columbia is the world's wettest place with an average rainfall of 463.4 inches (annual mean).
- The world's driest place is Desierto de Atacama (near Calma, Chile). It remained almost rainless for about 400 years (to 1971).
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| Where's the Water? |
- 80% of the earth's surface is water.
- 97% of the earth's water is seawater.
- 2% of the earth's water supply is locked in icecaps and glaciers.
- 1% of the earth's water is available for drinking.
- About 60% of the weight of the human body is water.
- An elephant is 70% water.
- A tomato is 95% water.
- An egg is about 74% water.
- A watermelon is about 92% water.
- A piece of lean meat is about 70% water.
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| Source : http://www.wichita.gov |
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"If there is magic on the planet, it is contained in water"
Loran Eisley. |
Water, they say, is life. Almost all life on earth is sustained by it. Water is a strange element of nature. Colourless, odourless, tasteless, yet, full of life. There is no joy like your feet in the moving waves of the sea. There is no refreshment like a glass of water after a hard days work. It's not just a source of energy, but also a source of pure joy.
Yet, there are some who don't get to experience its bounty. There are some, who still walk miles to quench their thirst. Who pay the price of every drop of water with equal drops of their own sweat. For a planet that is 70% covered by water, there are places that suffer from draught. There are farmers who wonder if they 'll receive a harvest this year. |
BPCL understands the value of water in the lives of people who strive for it. Whose lives are dependent on its availability alone. These sentiments gave birth to the project "Boond". Because when we say that we are a company about fuel, how can we miss out on the 'fuel of life'.
'Boond' is a Rain Water Harvesting Project undertaken by BPCL with financial support from (Oil Industries Development Board) and executed in collaboration with NGO, Bridge Public Charitable Trust. |
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5 villages suffering from acute shortages of water were identified for this activity. Women from these villages had to walk long distances in the blazing sun on mountainous paths, at times exceeding four Kms to fetch water. Runoffs triggered by topographical condition, impervious bedrock, poor water holding capacity of the soil, soil erosion and unrestrained grazing had made the situation critical.
The objective was to turn these villages from 'water scarce to water positive'. The work mainly comprised of repairs/deepening of wells, building bunds to capture and store rain water, repairs to leak proofing of existing bunds, building water tanks etc. |
Read complete article on the link provided.
http://www.bharatpetroleum.com/environment/SocialObligation_Boond.asp?from=env# |
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